Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT)

LITT uses targeted heating of tissue using laser energy to ablate and destroy diseased brain tissue (e.g., tumors or epileptogenic zones).

The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. A special technique called stereotaxy is used to ensure that the laser is inserted precisely. This involves attaching a frame with four small screws to the head. Once the frame is in place, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head is performed. Using these images of the head and frame, a specialist then calculates the optimal path to the target region in the brain with millimeter precision.

Then, a very thin laser probe is inserted through a small hole drilled in the skull directly into the affected tissue—for example, into a tumor or a region of the brain that triggers epileptic seizures.

Laser light is then emitted through the tip of this probe. This light is converted into heat in the tissue. The target tissue is heated to around 50 to 100 degrees Celsius – hot enough to destroy the diseased cells. This process is called thermal destruction or ablation.

To ensure that no healthy brain tissue is damaged, the temperature in the brain is closely monitored throughout the entire treatment using a special MRI technique known as thermometry. This shows in real time how hot it is in the area being treated.

LITT is mainly used in neurosurgery and oncology, especially in situations where open surgery would be difficult or risky. Precise planning and imaging are crucial in all cases, as precision is essential to treat the affected tissue and preserve healthy structures.

Common applications in neurosurgery include:

• High-grade gliomas (e.g., glioblastoma)
• Brain metastases
• Recurrent tumors after radiation or surgery
• Deep-seated or hard-to-reach tumors
• Radionecrosis after radiation therapy

Particularly in cases of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Here, LITT is used to treat epileptic focus areas, i.e., regions of the brain responsible for seizures. This particularly affects the hippocampus or temporal lobe, where structural changes are often present in drug-resistant epilepsy. A very precise ablation is performed at the target sites to destroy only the cells that cause the seizures.

What are the types of epilepsy surgery?

In rare cases, LITT is also used for cavernomas or other benign lesions.

As with any procedure involving the brain, LITT carries certain risks. In rare cases, bleeding, infection, or swelling in the treated tissue may occur. Neurological deficits, such as temporary speech or movement disorders, are also possible, especially if the treated area is located near important areas of the brain.

However, the risk associated with LITT is significantly lower than with open surgery, as the procedure is minimally invasive and very precisely controlled. Before the procedure, a thorough assessment is carried out to determine whether LITT is the right and safest option.

Laser therapy in the brain (LITT) is a modern, particularly gentle procedure that offers many advantages over conventional surgery—especially when the procedure in the brain needs to be as minimally invasive as possible.

Instead of a large opening in the skull, only a tiny drill hole (usually only a few millimeters in size) is required. This means less stress, less pain, and a faster healing process for patients.

By combining laser and MRI imaging, the diseased tissue can be very precisely localized and treated without unnecessarily damaging healthy surrounding brain tissue.

Since the procedure is minimally invasive, only a short hospital stay is often necessary—in many cases, patients can go home after just one to three days.

LITT can also be used if a tumor regrows after surgery or radiation and further open surgery would be too risky.

Some areas of the brain are difficult to reach using conventional surgery. LITT offers a therapeutic option that does not require extensive opening of the brain.